History of Exxon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Exxon - Essay Example The Standard Oil Company in 1899 turned into the holding organization for all partnerships recorded under the trust, yet was structure by the U.S. Incomparable Court in 1911 to isolate from 33 American auxiliaries. In 1972, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) changed its name to Exxon Corporation with different auxiliaries and associates, including Humble additionally embracing the name Exxon. Exxon had built up itself in each period of oil industry before converging with Mobil Company in 1999. Exxon managed in oil transport by means of pipelines and furthermore possesses a biggest armada of big haulers corresponding to its friends. Exxon Mobil Corporation comes next after BP as the world biggest coordinated oil firm. The organization runs oil and gas disclosure, creation, haulage just as promoting in more than 200 nations around the globe (ExxonMobil, n.d). The organization is likewise a significant player in assembling of petrochemicals (Rienstra, Linsley and Beaumont Chamber of Commerce, 2003). In 2014 quarter 4, Exxon Mobil recorded a higher diminishing in complete income year on year by - 22.22 percent, which was quicker contrasted and its competitors’ by and large decline of - 16.91 over a similar period. Exxon Mobil additionally recorded a net edge of 7.64 percent, in this way accomplishing higher productivity contrasted with its rivals, including Royal Dutch Shell, BP, and Chevron (CSIMarket,

The Rationales And Strategies For Change Management Essay

The Rationales And Strategies For Change Management Essay In this profoundly serious worldwide market associations are pron to any change in worldwide monetary condition. The ascent of exceptionally effective worldwide and residential contenders, the fast innovative turn of events and worldwide monetary downturn like that of 2007, are some of outer and inner weights that have constrained associations to change the manner in which they deal with their business forms. So as to expand their proficiency, limit their activity cost and increment their intensity, associations are experiencing changes, for example, Downsizing, actualizing new innovation or merger. Considering the current monetary downturn numerous associations took extraordinary measure to guarantee their endurance in the worldwide market by scaling back their activity to the level where they can remain serious. The reason for this paper is to give a review on the basis behind associations experiencing change and the system executed by association. In like manner, the paper analyze d the method of reasoning and procedures utilized by evolving associations: GM Holden, Ford and Fletcher building gracefully, due the current financial emergency. Hierarchical change-Downsizing For a considerable length of time as a result of precariousness in the worldwide business condition associations regularly winds up confronting the need to change their method of activities. The current financial emergency which began in 2007 was a decent situation where numerous associations needed to take Transformative change to counter easing back worldwide economy (Brown and Harvey 2001). The interest for item and administrations overall pummeled to the least level which constrained associations to cut back their tasks and worker number so as to limit their operational expenses. In 2009 vehicle fabricating organization GM-Holden scaled down its vehicle creation to 310 every day. Holden shut its evening shift and work just one move for every day. Despite the fact that Holden scaled down its vehicle creation it figured out how to keep its 3000 workforce at Elizabeth plant. The creation line works in two groups, each working multi week on and multi week off (The Age 2009). Thus For d vehicle producing organization cut a cycle 350 representatives in 2008 and shut it Geelong motor assembling plant in 2010 (The Age 2008). The other association to scale back in 2009 was Fletcher Building Supply Company where a session 2500 staff individuals was cut over all activities inline with falling interest for building material around the globe (The Australian 2009). From the above model we can obviously observe that scaling back was the technique executed in countering the difficulties these associations were looking in the worldwide market. Cutting back is a lot of exercises intended to improve associations execution and by downsizing business procedures, workforce and operational costs (Farrell and Mavondo 2005). If there should arise an occurrence of Holden the organization want to keep its representative while it diminishes the yield while Ford and Fletcher want to cut back their worker and close down a portion of their activities. The judicious for the change including outside and interior weights? Agreeing Chief official Jonathan Ling of Fletcher (2009), because of easing back down in development of private houses far and wide the organization have taken a scope of activity to downsize producing limit of the organization by conserving laborers and shutting down braches to keep the overall revenue. This was reverberated by Ford representative Sinead McAlary (2008) who guarantees that the interest in six-chamber vehicle and further decay in worldwide economy constrained Ford to conceal some worker and shut down its motor assembling plant in Geelong. As per Holden㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Spokesman Scott Whiffing (2009), Holden cut back its volume of creation because of the falling interest of its V6 vehicles and the scratching of its G8 US rewarding fare bargain by its Parent organization General Motors (GM). Furthermore, the expanding interest for littler and eco-friendly vehicles in worldwide market constrained Holden to move from assembling greater fuel expending vehicles to little vehicles that are prudent for customers. From the above reasons given by these associations, worldwide budgetary emergency was the outer factor making organizations take extraordinary transformative changes so as to make due in this exceptionally serious worldwide market. The inside explanation is the need to fulfill their investors by reducing expenses to keep the overall revenue. Furthermore, these associations neglect to have vision in to the interest of the commercial center. Vehicle producing organizations like Holden and Ford neglected to see the move sought after before the money related emergency hit the worldwide market. This permits organizations like to Toyota to effortlessly out pace Holden and Ford and become prevailing in the commercial center. Change Strategy utilized by Organization There are various methodologies to execute arranged authoritative changes. It could be either gradual or transformative change system. On account of Holden the organization has actualized Participative change which is steady change. During cutting back representatives were partaking in the arranging of the change and they demonstrate ability to work multi week on and off to enable the organization to challenge the current monetary log jam. Holden figured out how to keep it work power which will empowers the organization to adapt to creation of new little vehicles in 2010 (The Age 2009). On account of Ford it utilizes Dictorial change procedure to execute its transformative change from being just a huge vehicle producer to add little vehicle to its line-up by 2011. Also Fletcher is experiencing Dictorial change by scaling back its worker and shutting down its assembling to safeguard its monetary record is up coast. As indicated by Fletcher, it would likewise force a stop on residual s taff compensations and chiefs charges for 2010. 2.0 Comparing the Rationales and Strategies Are there shared traits that rise? In spite of various techniques organizations could actualize during needing change to make sure about their endurance, there is a pattern rising where cutting back appear the main arrangement practiced by numerous CEO during time of emergency. Most associations cut back their work forms or their laborer during financial down turn, anyway looks into appears down estimating is turning into a typical practice paying little mind to the status of the monetary environment(Jeffrey and Pfeffer 2010). Just one out of six associations met in 1995 reacted not to have cut back somewhere in the range of 1993 and 1995(Bordia, Hobman, Paulsen, and Tourish, 2004). For instance Fletcher choice to cut back their creation and labor, appears that the organization was following what other association was doing in the worldwide market. The association was responding to the brief issue emerged during the budgetary emergency. The contracting market for enormous vehicles around the globe constrained vehicle fabricating organization like Ford to lay off their laborer and close down their specialist. The scaling down was in light of drop sought after and because of move of item advertise. Essentially Holden responded to the emergency by chopping down item size. In all cases above, scaling back was the arrangement use by these associations to cut their operational expense. It appears that they all have a similar motivation behind why they execute cutting back as methodology to confront the money related yet they have diverse way actualizing it. Are a few reasons and procedures introduced as more authentic than the others? In your choice for what reason may be the situation? A portion of the justification and methodology introduced are more genuine than the others. In the event that we take on account of Holden the association appear to comprehend the method of reasoning great when they actualized cutting back as their system. It is significant they chopped down their creation volume anyway since the issue is transitory the arrangement is likewise brief. Holden utilize the circumstance as their preferred position to structure their business forms and plan for the future rivalry in the worldwide market. The explanation for not to relinquish their laborer was right off the bat the association esteemed the gifted specialists who might vital when the organization present new little vehicle model in 2010. Consequently the organization kept away from the expense including laying of laborers as well as rehiring (Jeffrey, and Pfeffer, 2010). Furthermore Holden comprehended the degree to which cutting back could affect the lesson of the laborers that are remainin g behind. Agreeing yearly analytical industry report ensuing decreases in labor have negative effect on execution (Farrell, and Mavondo, 2005). Moreover Holden took automatic cutting back with the support and interviews of its worker. This caused Holden to limit worker doubt on the association. In opposite Fletcher Pty appears to think about fixing their monetary record. The organization appears to miss that the present droop in private lodging was not as consequence of over flexibly rather was because of money related emergency. The interest for private development is still high however it eased back down because of reasonableness. At the point when the interest is high again Fletcher will be in awful position contrast with its rivals. Where as Ford didn㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have decision it expected to chop down staff and scale back its creation at Geelong plant was because of maturing model of its four-wheel model and its little vehicle was imported as the outcome it was fundamental in long haul to cut back it business forms. There fore Ford took scaling down related with long haul business forms rebuilding (Farrell, and Mavondo, 2005). There fore its authentic to actualize scaling back in the hour of emergency anyway it ought concentrated on the present issue as well as the drawn out technique to increase upper hand in the worldwide market. What exactly degree are single or numerous method of reasoning and system used? What decision would you be able to make from these? There are conditions in which cutbacks are essential for a firm to endure. Some time changes because of innovative execute

Learning that Matters How a New Generation of Leaders is Making an Impact on Education COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Learning that Matters How a New Generation of Leaders is Making an Impact on Education COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I like to be able to provide information to prospective SIPA students concerning the work of our alumni.   The following is an article on a project developed by 2006 SIPA alumna, Prathima Rodrigues.   The project was actually developed while she was a student at SIPA. “I want to be an accountant when I grow up,” says an eager Samir, as he expertly calculates the amount of profit his team has made selling hats as part of a business simulation activity. Samir is a grade eight student at St. Francis School, Bangalore, India and is part of a group of 25 other kids participating in a pilot workshop for Skills for Kids (SFK). Skills for Kids (SFK) is a program that teaches the concepts of entrepreneurship to young children â€" concepts that are useful in everyday lives but are often not taught in schools as part of formal curricula. The SFK curriculum simplifies these concepts and brings them to the classroom through fun, learner-centric and experiential activities. SFK was founded by SIPA 2006 alumna, Prathima Rodrigues while still at graduate school. During this time, Prathima was awarded the Sasakawa Young Leadership Fellowship Fund (SYLFF) from the Tokyo Foundation which laid the foundation for her initiative. “Receiving the SYLFF fellowship was a great honour for me”, says Prathima. “The Tokyo Foundation encourages fellows to work in international development and start their own initiatives. It was a good opportunity for me to leverage the SYLFF network and the fellowship has certainly helped me create and scale-up my entrepreneurial venture. Also, SIPA gave me a very good foundation for my work. I was able to constantly apply what I learned in the classroom.” Prathima says that formal education in most schools in India for example, does not equip children with relevant skills. Though the demand for these skills is rising, both in tertiary education institutes and in the job market, preparation of youth for work and life is inadequate. Increasingly, firms want to hire young people who not only posses sound technical skills but have good communication and teamwork skills and who are creative and dynamic in the workplace traits that are essential in today’s globalized economy. From a small student led initiative, Skills for Kids has achieved considerable scale in the last few years. Prathima now leads a team of three â€" Badamjav Batsukh (SYLFF Fellow and Officer, Ministry of Education and Science, Mongolia), Sapruddin Perwira (SYLFF Fellow and Director, Project Hope, Indonesia) and Sunil Mathew (Senior Software Engineer, OPNET Technologies, Maryland, USA). “I met most of my team through the SYLFF network. Each team member brings his/her distinct expertise to the table and we are very open to each other’s suggestions”, says Prathima, “all of us are very motivated and do this apart from our regular jobs. We manage to coordinate quite well though we live in four different cities across the globe.” “Activities that focus on life skills and financial skills, enable children to be more productive in the classroom, more self-sufficient and more inclined to contribute to their community’s social and economic development”, says Prathima. “Significant anecdotal and empirical evidence show that if encouraged at an early age, a targeted curriculum, pedagogy and faculty can catalyze the development of this entrepreneurial mindset among young adults. Teaching and learning in developing economies is based on a system of rote learning that in several cases, is alone not sufficient to actively encourage students to think on their own and take on responsibilities; traits that form the core of developing an entrepreneurial mindset.” Skills for Kids follows an integrated model of entrepreneurial and life skills development, that equips secondary school students with a set of marketable skills (See Figure 4). The 18 hours of the Skills for Kids curriculum encompass 8 modules; each module consists of a set of activities that develops both cognitive skills (such as in economics and personal finance) and non-cognitive skills (teamwork and communication) in young people.   The unique aspect of the Skills for Kids model is that it is based on two parallel streams of learning â€" building tangible skills in economics or finance and developing behavioral traits such as decision-making, positive self-esteem and good communication.” says Badamjav. “Each activity follows this bi-channel approach and ensures that students grasp the core theme of each lesson but at the same time develop these traits. The first Skills for Kids pilot was coordinated by Badamjav and implemented in Mongolia followed by a second pilot in India, coordinated by Sunil.   “Many donors and academics come to the camp, to visit the children and on supervision missions. But this is the first time that students are learning a set of extremely useful skills.” says Ms. B. Danya, a senior teacher at the summer camp in Mongolia, where the pilot was held. “I want our teachers to be trained on how to teach this so that many more children can benefit from this program”. The team believes that the children are an integral part of the program and the kids are constantly encouraged to express provide feedback on what they liked or disliked. Fifteen-year-old Tuya from Mongolia says, “The activities were interesting. I learnt a lot about business skills and I had a lot of fun. I do not get to do all this at school. “We were very pleased, with the ingenuity of the students”, says Prathima, “They were able to understand and apply many of these complex concepts. They are so incredibly creative; there is a lot we can learn from them.” Prathima and her team represent a new breed of young change makers â€" individuals who, rather than only talk of what’s wrong, get together and try to make change happen. We are extremely proud of what we have achieved, says Prathima, there is much that young people can do with a little creativity and a lot of hard work. I hope that our work serves as an example to other young people in various parts of the globe and motivates them to make a difference in their communities. Prathima Rodrigues is a SIPA 2006 graduate (MIA, EPD). At present, she works with the World Bank in the Europe and Central Asia region. Her previous work experience includes projects with UNICEF, U NIDO and the Development Gateway Foundation. Prathima also   serves as an advisor to Make a Difference (http://www.makeadiff.in/) and served as a judge for the 2009 Global Social Venture Competition (GSVC).   She has an engineering degree from KREC, Surathkal, India and a master degree from Drexel University, Philadelphia. Prathima is from Mangalore, India and presently resides in Washington D. C. Prathima was recently awarded a Youth Innovation Fund (YIF) grant from the World Bank to pilot Skills for Kids in Kosovo. She can be reached at pr2141 [at] columbia.edu.

Women Entrepreneurs An Overview About Growth And Various...

Women Entrepreneur In India-An Overview About Growth And Various Problems faced by them. ABSTRACT: Over the last few decades there has been a slow but steady change taking place with respect to the growth of women. Now a days Women s are actively participate in employment sector and its leads to set up their own enterprise and they become a job providers. Women entrepreneur is a person who accepts a difficult role and ready to faces day to day problems to meet her personal and economical needs .This paper reveals that women entrepreneur growth rate in southern states and various problems faced by them. KEYWORDS: Women entrepreneur, growth rate , economical needs. INTRODUCTION: Entrepreneur defined as an individual who organizes or operates a business or businesses. Entrepreneurs play very important role in socio-economic welfare of the country. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a women enterprise is defined as â€Å"an enterprise is owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women†. A women entrepreneur is one who starts business and manages it independently and tactfully, takes all the risks, faces the challenges boldly with an level will to succeed. Entrepreneurship of Women development is an essential part of human resource.Show MoreRelatedEmerging Entrepreneur Trends2567 Words   |  11 PagesTIMSR, MUMBAI Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key emerging trends in Entrepreneurs in India its reasons for growth and impact towards economy and society as a whole. Design /approach – The paper is primarily theoretical and observational. It is based on the review of major academic and managerial publications, it also include personal interview with few entrepreneurs. 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The Theft Of Memory By Jonathan Kozol Essay - 1591 Words

Theme The theme of The Theft of Memory is somewhat of a social commentary, a personal and medical analysis of Alzheimer’s disease. Jonathan Kozol discusses his father’s decent into Alzheimer’s from his own point of view and how the experience related to their family as a whole. He shares his grief and suffering along with celebrating the impact that his father had on so many people throughout his lifetime. Jonathan tells stories from his father’s past to illustrate what an incredible doctor and amazing man he truly was. The documentation of his father’s illness is something that many people can relate to within their own families. As his illness progresses, Dr. Kozol tries to diagnose and treat himself at first before relinquishing that control to another doctor. Jonathan did everything in his power to maintain his father’s dignity throughout his life. The book documents the impact of Alzheimer’s disease on their family and tests the l imits of Jonathan’s devotion to his parents. Summary In this book, Jonathan discusses the changing dynamic between his parents and himself. In the beginning his parents appear to be a loving couple and he appears to be a very devoted son. As his parents age and his father’s illness progresses, those dynamics change. His father loses all recollection of who his family is and Jonathan’s mother seems to detach herself from the situation, referring to his father as â€Å"the baby† most of the time. Kozol (2015) says, â€Å"Before she fell asleep that

Curse Having Diverse Ethnic Identity Free Essays

CURSE: HAVING DIVERSE ETHNIC IDENTITY Multicultural people can be defined as a people who have more than one culture in other words who grew up with more than one cultural identity. A person who grew up with more than one culture is having a mixed ethnic identity. Amin Maloouf, who has mixed ethnic identity, is a Lebanese author, who born in Beirut. We will write a custom essay sample on Curse: Having Diverse Ethnic Identity or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father was from Melikte Greek Catholic community and on the other hand his mother was from Turkey. Also Maalouf (1998) mentions that he has lived in France for twenty-two years, (as cited in Eken, A. N. amp; Rodrigues, B Atabas, H. G. Harris, J Gunceri, M Bilgic, M. L. Tack, S Onel, Z, 2010, p. 255), which shows that he is living three different cultures, in other words he is having mixed ethnic identity. Maalouf argues that â€Å"having mixed ethnic identity is not a curse; on the contrary, it is blessing. † As arguments and evidences show that having mixed ethnic identity is not always blessing, it is mostly a curse for some reasons like; psychological and behavioural problems, educational and communicative problems and some problems in team work. Having different cultural identity is having two different cultures both from your mother and father, which will come up with; both having different perspectives and which will make person to remain open-minded. Different perspectives make people to think in different ways also different conversations thus Parekh (2006) argues that â€Å"different perspectives intended to equip individuals with the ability to converse in multiple cultural idioms, leading to an appreciation of the complexity of the truth, freedom from ethnocentric practices and the ability to learn from other cultures. (as cited in McGlynn, 2009, p. 300), which makes mixed identical people better than mono identical people. Even though bi ethnic individuals having bad experiences like marginalizing from society and come across with racism. On the other hand also they are experiencing the positive way of having mixed ethnic identity like being open-minded. As Korgen (1998) and Ross (1996) argued that, as a result of b eing open-minded, people with diverse identity correspond to the situations and people in different ways, thus this makes them to have â€Å"ability to see things from different point of views. (as cited in Abu-Rayya, 2006, p. 670). According to what Maalouf says, without any counter argument diverse ethnic identity is blessing just for having ability to see things in different point of views and being open-minded for different situations and different. In contrary what Maalouf has said, that mixed ethnic identity is blessing, in diverse team work there are both positive and negative effects of multicultural diversity but the negative effect of the diversity makes the team performance less effective than non diverse team. With having different cultures at the same time means having various acquirements and being interested in more than one thing as mixed cultural identity provides. Thereby Bodenhausen (2009) argues that team performance will positively affected by mixed cultural members of the team which they come up with various knowledge and skills. By bringing different skills and knowledge together in the group, Somers (2006); Wrap Mahoney (2008) argue that these differences make other people to think in more sophisticated way, which makes the team performance better. (as cited in Bodenhausen, 2009, p. ) Sharing the knowledge by mixed ethnic members, there emerges a competitive motivation that will increase the performance in the team (Launt Philips, 2007). Because of these reasons in the group each member of the team will complement each other and it will end with the increment of the team performance. In contrary to this positive situation, there are bad effects of having diversely ethnic memb ers in the team. Trianduis (1960) argues that interpersonal problems and communicative difficulties have occurred by cultural diversity in the group, which does affect the performance negatively. Additional to this Kirchmeyer Cohen (1992) indicate that this communicative difficulties bring to an end to the emotional conflicts. This communication problem and emotional conflicts or generally conflicts within the group are because of not having a common, exact culture. More over Pfeffer (1983) says that the reason for these problems are â€Å"having fewer shared experiences, having less in common and expressing more difference of opinion. † (as cited in Collin Tagesson, 2008, p. 24). Because members express their selves in different way, they will be misunderstood by the other members of the team, and even because they do not have in common much; like culture or experiences; they will come across with a communication problem. As a result of these, O’Reilly, Cardwell, and Barnett (1989) claim that these problems will â€Å"threat the cohesiveness of the team† (as cited in Collin Tagesson, 2008, p. 224). In these circumstances, performance of the diverse ea m will be much lower, when it is compared with ethnically homogenous team. Beside mono cultural identity; multicultural identity enables people to compose their own identities but while composing, some problems emerge like; not forming a coherent identity because of the result of acculturation, also undermining the national identity. Sen (2006) â€Å"rejects a plural mono culturalism that essentializes identity in favour of multicultural practice that endows the freedom to cultivate reasoned choice of identity priority (as cited in McGylnn, 2009, p. 00). In contrary to blessing part of having diverse ethnic identity, there is an issue that called acculturation which is the â€Å"exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact. † This acculturation may cause culture shock or acculturation stress while identifying yourself. In other words Jensen (2003) says, in forming a coherent identity, people come across with difficulties because of acculturation. They are having paradox because of the cultures’ various requirements. Thereby, they cannot properly decide which one to own or which one to not so, they mess up and then with the identity confusion they are marginalized from homogenous society. More over because of multiculturalism; Uberoi (2008) claims that â€Å"multicultural policies sometimes make people to focus on their cultural identities instead of their national one, thus making the latter unimportant to them. Having multicultural identity bridges the cultures and makes these cultures develop but on the other hand it has negative effect on identity which are cultural shock and acculturative stress; which is not blessing but it is cursing for a person who has diverse ethnic identity. For the positive side of having diverse ethnic identity Parekh argues that â€Å"no single culture can embody all that is valuable in human life nor develop the full range of human possibilities. † (as cited in McGlynn, 2009, p. 0 0) In other words, cultures correct and complement each others’ both mistakes and missing and also expand each others’ perspectives by bringing different cultures in one body, which shows that they are bridging each other. More over multicultural identity help humans to develop their selves by learning from others. But in contrast to this, bridging and complementing the cultures, it affect people negatively and it brings acculturative stress and cultural shock both behavioural and psychological way. While trying to bridge cultures it come up an end with behavioural and psychological problems because of identity confusion. By identity confusion Arnett claims that â€Å"substance use, prostitution, armed aggression, and suicide† have emerged in multicultural individuals. (as cited in Jensen, 2003, p. 194) Because diverse ethnic individuals sidelined by the society, they are having some psychological problems like; â€Å"low self-esteem, feelings of anxiety, depression, guilt, despair, hopelessness† (Brown (2001); Moyotshi (1990), as cited in Abu-Rayya, 2006, p. 669) also the feeling of ambivalence over their personal, racial, or ethnic identity (Brandell (1988); Brown (1990); Pinderhuges (1995), as cited in Abu-Rayya, 2006, p. 69). For example; Abu-Rayya mention about Arap-European children who are the having both Arabic and Europen culture together, â€Å"which may subject them to psychological maladjustment and disturb their personal and ethnic development. † More over Abu-Rayya says that as a minority group in the mono-ethnic Arabs, they live as scattered individuals and â€Å"m ay be perceived as a threat to the continuity of the ethnic and cultural structure(s) of the Arab group† which this threat may surrender them to social exclusion. Although the social exclusion or any behavioural or psychological problems, multicultural education is more effective in culturally integrated school, however less parents choose these integrated schools. Reich (2002) indicates that multicultural education is more effective in schools which are culturally integrated (as cited in McGlynn, 2009, p. 301). According to McGlynn it is effective but it is â€Å"frequently highly contentious. † Children are not attending to integrated schools because of their parents. In Northern Ireland, education system remains separate, McGlynn claims that: â€Å"with children either attending Catholic maintained schools or de facto Protestant controlled schools. Parents are against to integrated school in Northern Ireland; under 1989 Education Reform (Northern Ireland) Order to government has a duty to meet the needs of parents requesting integrated education and provides two types† (p. 301), both integrated schools and controlled schools According to NICIE (2008) only 6% of the pupil population attend integrated schools (as cited in McGlynn, 2009, p. 01). This shows even the education is better in integrated, diverse schools; parents do not want their children to study in those schools because of the other problems. As a conclusion, Amin Maalouf, who has ethnic diverse identity, has said that having mixed ethnic identity is blessing; but as evidences shows that it is not blessing it is cursing because of the behavioural and psychological problems, havi ng difficulties in education, decreasing the team performance and problems while creating the identity. So; having diverse ethnic identity is not blessing, it is cursing. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2006). Ethnic identity, ego identity, and psychological well-being among mixed-ethnic Arab-European adolescents in Israel. Brithis Journal of Development, Vol, 24, DOI: 10. 1207/s1532706xid0604_3 Bodenhausen, G. V. (2009). Diversity in the person diversity in the group: Challengesof identity complexity for social perception and socail interaction. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40 from http://icproxy. abanciuniv. edu:2055/ehost/detail? sid=1cd41c5e-d9eb-4053-86e0-b31165dd43e1%40sessionmgr12vid=20hid=12bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=47805859 * Jensen, L. A. (2003). Coming of Age in a Multicultural World: Globalization and Adolescent Cultural Identity Formation. Applied Developmental Science, Vol. 7 from: * http://icproxy. sabanciuniv. edu:2055/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=20hid=12sid=1cd41c5e-d9eb-4053-86e0-b31165dd43e1%40sessionmgr12 * McGlynn, C. (2003). Integrating education: Parekhian multiculturalism and good practice. Intercultural Education, Vol. 20, DOI: 10. 1080/14675980903351938 Tagesson, T. (2008). Ethnic and gender diversity, process and performance in groups of business students in Sweeden. Intercultural Educati? n, Vol. 19, DOI: 10. 1080/14675980802078608 Uberoi, V. (2008). Do Policies of Multiculturalism Change National Identities? The Political Quarterly, Vol. 79, DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1467-923X. 2008. 00942. x http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiculturalism How to cite Curse: Having Diverse Ethnic Identity, Essay examples

The Hidden Cost of Convenience Essay Sample free essay sample

Human existences have had a relationship with the Earth through farming since 10. 000 B. C. . and to this twenty-four hours humans remain dependent on that really relationship. The development in farming techniques has exploded since the early 1900’s with the development of chemical pesticides and Genetic Engineering ( GE ) . GE harvests treated with pesticides produce larger measures of nutrient at an immensely faster rate. Approximately 70 per centum of processed nutrient semen from GE seeds and are treated with chemical pesticides. Because of the monolithic sums of nutrient that are being produced. the dollar disbursal is decreased for these abundant merchandises. This may look to be an astonishing disclosure in nutrient engineering. but what if the very processes which make nutrient available. low-cost. and convenient are what is doing modern Americans ill? What are you truly giving for convenience? Pesticides are substances used to destruct insects or any other beings ( plagues ) that are harmful to cultivated workss or animate beings. There are many fluctuations of natural pesticides and chemical pesticides. The usage of chemical pesticides raises a contention about the safety of our nutrient. and our environment. A figure of surveies conducted by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Program suggest that the usage of pesticides is highly unsafe. These surveies conclude that about three million agricultural workers suffer unwellnesss such as malignant neoplastic disease from terrible poisoning due to pesticide exposure. Of this figure. 18. 000 dice every twelvemonth ( Drake ) . However. Mr. Rick Melnicoe. Director of the Western Integrated Pest Management Center and the UC Statewide Pesticide Coordinator claims. â€Å"it is the dosage that makes the toxicant and that there is virtually no unwellness associated with modern pesticide residue on nutrients. Illnesss that do occur are caused by abuse. exposure to concentrated degrees by workers. and basic stupidity† ( Safe Pesticides? ) . Overall. it is more or less of import ground why pesticides cause unwellness but instead that they do. and everyone should be cognizant of what is on or in their nutrient before they feed themselves or their loved 1s. We can merely be every bit healthy as the merchandises we put into our organic structures and our environment let us to be. Pesticides have been used by assorted husbandmans since 2. 500 B. C. . but these pesticides consisted of natural substances such as honey. salt. and S. In today’s universe. the most abundant types of pesticides are 1s dwelling of man-made chemicals. After World War II the agricultural effects of the chemical dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane ( DDT ) was discovered by Dr. Paul Muller. and was commercially produced worldwide. DDT seemed to be the perfect pesticide. it was easy to utilize. it seemed to hold low toxicity to mammals. and decreased insect-originated diseases. like xanthous febrility. malaria. and typhus. But a few old ages subsequently. insects and other plagues were found to develop a opposition to DDT. so it was deemed no longer as effectual. It was subsequently discovered that DDT was really toxic to the environment. caused malignant neoplastic disease and caused familial harm in animate beings. Rachel Carson. an American Marine Biologist. contended in her book Silent Spring that DDT entirely has irreversibly harmed animate beings and contaminated the world’s full nutrient supply. DDT is now much less abundant and is used chiefly to battle malaria. Many pesticides are still in usage to this twenty-four hours that have similar toxic effects of DDT and because of the of all time present chemical opposition in plagues more new pesticides are being developed. We are now in changeless demand of chemical development to combat natures version. To disrupt the balance of nature is to set many lives in harm’s manner. There is no argument that chemical pesticides harm the environment. The most unsafe types of pesticides are insect powders. antifungals. and weedkillers. These substances have contaminated H2O. poisoned and mutated wildlife. and disrupted natural growing forms in countries of contaminated dirt. Harmonizing to the Environmental Protection Agency. in 2001 4. 9 billion lbs of pesticide merchandises made up of 600 separate chemical compounds were used in the United States entirely ( Lah ) . Environmental wellness is straight linked to the sum of harmful toxins it is exposed to. so it would be in the best involvement of ourselves and of wildlife to cut down the overall usage of these unsafe chemical pesticides every bit much as possible. Genetically modified nutrients became present in the nutrient market in the 1960’s. but were non reintroduced commercially until the 1990’s. A figure of scientists have discovered and developed this engineering since the 1960’s and hold made GE present in anyplace from works seeds to livestock ( Arimi ) . Some GE nutrients have been proven in the yesteryear to be carcinogens. One of the largest chemical corporations in the universe called Monsanto has created a genetically modified-growth endocrine. Bovine. that is linked to a 2. 5 times greater incidence of colon. chest. and prostatic malignant neoplastic disease in worlds. 135 million estates. owned by big companies like Monsanto. are dedicated to turn GE harvests and raise farm animal in the United States ( Genetically Modified ) . Since the bulk of merchandises in our supermarkets are processed nutrient and the bulk of processed nutrient is unhealthy and comprised of these genetically modified being. one woul d so reasonably conclude that these merchandises do more injury than good in our society. Genetically engineered merchandises are the most abundant but least recognizable unreal substances present in our every twenty-four hours lives. Genetically Modified Organisms ( GMO ) are organisms that have an altered familial make-up either by cistron splice or endocrine injections to heighten a certain trait. For illustration. these unreal cistrons can do workss to let go of a certain chemical to end bugs and other natural marauders when being attacked. or do unnatural growing in the chests of poulets. Up to 75. 000 dairy cattles are treated with the bovine growing endocrine. and there are over 80 million estates of genetically engineered cultivated harvests ( Food Inc. ) . Seventy per centum of the nutrient in United States food market shops is made from GE merchandises. This nutrient largely consists of unhealthy obesity-causing merchandises like sodium carbonate and french friess. but they can besides be hidden in any type of nutrient. GE nutrient does non significantly smell. gustatory sensation. or look different. and are non specifically labeled. Therefore. the consumer has an deficient sum of informations to find the position of what they are devouring. There has late been a contention sing labeling nutrient that has been produced through GE. but no jurisprudence has yet come to go through that requires these labels. GM beings can besides harm the environment. In 2006 it was thought that GM harvests were to fault for the disappearing of 90 per centum of our honey bees which caused a concatenation reaction of ecological bad lucks. Honey bees are responsible for one tierce of America’s nutrient supply and many of our harvests were lost due to miss of pollenation. This in bend caused green goods to be less abundant the monetary value to skyrocket ( Disappearance of the Bees ) . This is merely one illustration of many catastrophes caused by manmade toxins. and the negative effects are going harder to disregard. The longer we wait to alter our harmful methods the more terrible the effects can go. It seems that bring forthing larger measures of nutrient at a fast rate would merely be good if we did non utilize GE and rough chemicals. Making the environment and the nutrient we eat toxic is the monetary value we have to pay for the convenience of our food market shops. Interrupting the balance of nature can be more damaging than many foresee. It is no secret that present twenty-four hours Americans are non the ideal image of wellness. Recent surveies have shown that 33 per centum of Americans are corpulent ( James ) . and 26 per centum have malignant neoplastic disease ( Alt. Cancer ) . While in the late 1800’s it was estimated that merely 10 per centum of Americans were corpulent and merely 9 per centum had malignant neoplastic disease. Both fleshiness and malignant neoplastic disease can be linked to the usage of pesticides and GE nutrients. In fact there have been direct links between these conditions and peculiar pesticides and GE merchandises. Many contend that the exclusive ground these diseases have dramatically increased since the late 19th century is the increased usage of pesticides and GE merchandises. With the figure of people who have fleshiness. malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes at an all clip high. many are seeking for reform in the manner we care for our organic structures. A figure of wellness experts claim that if we prioritize our well-being and alter our diets from eating extremely processed nutrient. to organic nutrient so we can work out this quandary. It is besides claimed that by merely altering our diet we can assist our environment every bit good as our wellness. The word â€Å"organic† is frequently seen. It is advertised in food market shops. and sometimes in films or in telecasting. but what does it intend to be organic? Is taking a measure towards an organic revolution the right measure to take in doing our state a healthier topographic point? The term â€Å"organic farming† was coined by an English agriculturalist named Lord Northbourne in 1940 in his agricultural book Look to the Land. Northbourne used this term to depict an all natural manner of farming opposed to one that integrated chemicals and other unreal substances. Most of his cognition about holistic agriculture was derived from analyzing old civilizations and carry oning his ain personal surveies. With the rise of the petro-chemical industries in the early 1900’s came the beginning of industrial pesticides. Up until so there was no term depicting the organic agriculture manner because no other farming manner existed. It seems that this â€Å"new revolution† isn’t so new. After all. we are fundamentally seeking to bring forth nutrient as our ascendants did before the 20th century ( Northbourne ) . Harmonizing to the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . for green goods to be certifiably organic it must follow these demands: free of sewerage sludge. man-made fertilisers. prohibited pesticides. and genetically modified beings. For farm animal to be organic they have to run into a certain wellness and public assistance criterion. be untreated by antibiotics or growing endocrines. be fed one hundred per centum organic provender and be provided entree to out-of-doorss. Food with the USDA Organic label is one 100 per centum organic and has been investigated by the USDA and warrants that the organic makings are met. Other nutrient merchandises labeled organic with out the USDA cast may or may non hold followed the antecedently listed demands. For illustration. husbandmans may label their nutrient organic that is non genuinely organic to derive concern or to sell their merchandises at a higher monetary value. Farmers may besides hold true organic merchandises but can non afford to pay the monetary value of acquiring investigated and certified by the USDA. Any merchandise that does non incorporate an official organic seal requires farther research if one is to be confident in the true quality ( Organic Standards ) . By exchanging to organic methods of farming we can assist our environment and even change by reversal the negative effects of chemical abuse. The loss of dirt birthrate and H2O taint is common amongst harvests that are treated with chemical fertilisers. but by utilizing organic techniques it eliminates these jobs. Soil birthrate and biodiversity are incorporated in organic agriculture methods. every bit good as healthy micro-organism preservation and energy efficiency. Besides. the sum of harmful chemicals being dumped in the environment is juristically decreased when big graduated table harvests are switched to organic because organic harvests don’t use these chemicals. It was estimated that 1000000s of gallons of pesticides were non released into the environment due to one purchase of an organic merchandise from the Wal-Mart Corporation. By extinguishing these unsafe chemicals we eliminate terrible unwellnesss caused by them. There are ever possibilities of nutrient borne il lnesses irrespective the method of bring forthing nutrient. but the unwellnesss present in organic nutrient are far less terrible than 1s obtained by non-organic nutrient ( â€Å"Do I Help†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ) . In footings of practicality processed nutrient is typically less expensive than organic nutrient. Processed nutrient is much cheaper due to the sheer mass of it being produced by big corporations. The affordability of processed nutrient makes it easier for low-income households to last. Though invariably devouring this type of nutrient can take to medical jobs. many people don’t have the pick to purchase healthier organic nutrient. Organic nutrient costs from 30 to ninety per centum more than processed nutrient. Surveies have shown that as more people support organic merchandises the cheaper they will acquire. but for now it is processed nutrient that keeps low-income people fed. but keeps them starved of proper foods. So how is the authorities assisting to work out the quandary of the United States’ environmental and personal wellness crisis? Well. there have really been many betterments in nutrient and environmental safety in the last 30 old ages that have had an highly good consequence to our wellness. For illustration. an environmental jurisprudence was passed in 1990 merely in the province of Washington that put a bound on the sum of agricultural chemicals to be used. on norm a husbandman had to cut down pesticide usage by 20 per centum ( State Law ) . This stopped dozenss of extra toxins from come ining the environment. More on the personal wellness note. a jurisprudence was passed in July 2003 that required fast nutrient eating houses. like McDonalds and Taco Bell. to decently label the content nowadays in their nutrient so costumiers can be more cognizant of what they are devouring ( Mello ) . Though these are great betterments. they are comparatively little. and there is still much more to be done. When it comes to developing Torahs that are good to public safety that consequence big corporations that have political ties. it becomes hard. For illustration. in 2001 two-year-old Kevin Kowalcyk died after developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome from eating a beefburger contaminated with E. coli. After this incident a jurisprudence was introduced that would Necessitate the USDA to merely develop public presentation criterions to cut down the presence of pathogens in meat. A simple solution was created to forestall a similar calamity. The meat company was non found apt. and the jurisprudence neer passed ( Food Inc. ) . Many speculate that it was due to the fiscal ties between the meat company and the USDA. but no 1 could state for certain. Unfortunately there have been other incidences similar this. where dangers are evident. but simple solutions fail to be put in action. Equally long as corporations have these political ties they have power over our wellness and safety. It is good to look into the nutrient we consume in order to guarantee our safety and good being. We can’t ever depend on our authorities to protect us from harmful nutrient merchandises because the very corporations bring forthing these nutrients are involved and have power within many political affairs. The best manner to stay safe is to do your wellness a precedence and to research the nutrient that you are devouring. The nutrient we buy affects more than what is on our dinner tabular array. Buying merchandises at the food market shop is like voting. and by buying safer merchandises we can back up the wellness of our households every bit good as the environment. Regardless if you are pro-practicality. or pro-organic it would be good to look into the nutrient we consume in order to guarantee our safety and good being. Plants Cited â€Å"Alternative Cancer Treatment | Cancer Cure | Cancer Remedies. † Do GMO Foods Cause Cancer? The Cancer Industry. 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Arimi. Joshua. â€Å"Genetic Engineering of Food: The History. Science. Economicss and Controversy. † Genetic Engineering in Food- The History. Science andEconomicss. Arimi Foods. 23 Sept. 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Barling. Mannie. and Ashley F. Brooks. â€Å"Statistics on Food-borne Related Illnesses and Death Caused by Salmonella. E. Coli. Listeria. Toxoplasma. Campylobacter Bacteria. Calicivirus. or Norwalk-like Virus Emanating from Factory Farms ( CAFOs ) . Genetically Modified Foods from Monsanto and the Poor Processing of Food in America | . † Statistics on Food-bourne Illnesses. RN. 21 May 2011. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Carson. Rachel. and Lois Darling. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1962. Print. â€Å"Do I Help Conserve the Environment by Eating Organic Food? † Natural A ; Organic Health: Food Be nefits. Directory. Nutritional Value. Rural Tech Services. Jan. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Drake. Susan S. â€Å"Green Labor Journal – Working for a Sustainable Future. † Green Labor Journal. Union Plus. Feb. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. Food Inc. Dir. Rob Kenner. Magnolia Pictures. Participant Media. River Road Entertainment. 2008. Film. â€Å"Genetically Modified Foods ( Biotech Foods ) Pros and Cons. † WebMD. WebMD. 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. James. Brian. â€Å"Obese Chart. † The Consumer. 18 Apr. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. Lah. Katrina. â€Å"Pesticide Use Statistics. † Pesticide Use Statistics. 26 Apr. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. Mello. Michelle M. . Eric B. Rimm. and David M. Studdert. â€Å"The McLawsuit. † Health Affairs. Nov. 2003. Web. 15 May 2012. McCabe. John. and David Wolfe. Sunfood Life: Resource Guide for Global Health. Berkeley. CA: North Atlantic. 2007. Print. Northbourne. Walter J. Look to the Land. . London: Dent. 1940. Print.  "Organic Standards. † Ams. Department of Agriculture. gov. Department of agriculture: National Organic Program. 7 Feb. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. â€Å"Safe Pesticides? † Environmental News. Articles A ; Information. EcoWorld. June 2004. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. â€Å"State Law Limiting Pesticide Use. † The Tribune [ Deer Park. Washington ] 29 Aug. 1990: 5-6. Google News. Web. 15 May 2012. Disappearing of the Bees. Dir. George Langworthy. Maryam Henein. Hive Mentality Films. 2009. Film.